Immunity in Adenoviral Infection; A Narrative Review on Cellular Aspect of Immune Responses

Adenoviruses (AdVs) have attracted special attention for immune responses against them, particularly cellular and intracellular immunity. Mentioned viruses, for their intracellular life and destructive feature, are responsible for some cellular pathway changes. In the first step, AdV is sensed by some immune cells and factors (e.g., macrophages). Note that coordination between cells is managed and regulated by pro...

Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices regarding Occupational Hazards among Medical Laboratory Workers in Pakistan; A Multi-Center Cross-Sectional Study

Background: Laboratories workers in hospitals generally are faced with many hazards at work. This is especially true in developing countries where health service delivery is fraught with minimal protective precautions against exposures to numerous fomites and infectious agents. The present study aimed to assess knowledge, attitude, and practice (KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE, AND PRACTICES) level on laboratory safety practi...

Human iPSC-based Model of Coxsackie Virus B3: Groundbreaking new Approach for (Coxsackie-) Virus Research?

Disease models are powerful tools to understand aspects of the underlying disease and to perform drug screening. A good disease model should be one that can closely mimic the actual pathology of the disease in patients and are practical for researchers to use and study. Especially in the current times of a virus pandemic, virus research is of highest importance. In the recently published research article from Peis...

Immunoprophylaxis for Plague Infection: An Update

Plague is a vector-borne disease caused by Yersinia pestis. It has a high mortality rate with no complete cure. It is a category ‘A’ agent of bioterrorism as it has caused the highest number of fatalities in human history. It had been used as an agent for bio warfare in the past and impacted human civilization at large. The world has seen three major pandemics in last two millennia which have similar pattern of in...

Chikungunya Presenting as a Bimodal Illness with Atypical Rash

Chikungunya, is now endemic in tropical Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa and the Americas. We describe a case of chikungunya infection presenting as a bimodal illness of fever, rash, arthralgias and arthritis with rash atypically prominent on the palms and soles. This case demonstrates the need for vigilance regarding atypical presentations of chikungunya infection.

Combating Dengue: A US Military Perspective

Throughout history, dengue virus infections have negatively impacted the mission capabilities of US Service Members. Currently, the expansion of dengue into new regions via the spread of the Aedes genus along with the global presence of the US Military, poses an increased risk for Service Members to contract the virus. Dengue virus infection would not only lead to significant medical costs and a lack of military r...

Development of Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Assay for Rapid Detection of Dengue Virus in Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) Larvae from Cuba

Dengue fever is an arthropod-borne disease of great importance worldwide due to the number of cases, epidemics and geographical extent of its vectors. Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) mosquito is its main vector and its chemical control is the only viable alternative to stop dengue outbreaks since there is not an effective dengue vaccine. Even though surveillance systems allow a rapid detection of dengue cases; sometimes...

Methotrexate for Chronic Chikungunya Arthritis

Chikungunya Fever (CHIKF) is an acute febrile illness caused by the Chikungunya Virus (CHIKV), characterized by high fever, polyarthralgia / arthritis, headache and maculopapular rash. CHIKV has the potential to progress to Chronic Chikungunya Arthritis (CCA). Manifestations of CCA are varied, but some patients meet classification criteria for other rheumatic diseases, including Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA), fibromya...

Do saint Louis Encephalitis and West Nile Viruses Fly Together?

St Louis Encephalitis Virus (SLEV) and West Nile Virus (WNV) co-circulated in humans and horses in Cuba, from 2004 to 2006, based on serological testing using neutralization assays. During this time frame, serum samples from 659 humans suspected to have been exposed to flaviviruses were collected and tested for WNV IgM and IgG by ELISA and plaque reduction neutralization test. Avidity of IgG antibodies against WNV...

Development and Characterization of Monoclonal Antibodies Directed Against The Canine Parainfluenza Virus Protein

Four monoclonal antibodies against NP protein of canine parainfluenza virus were developed by immunizing BALB/c mice with an isolate of HeN0718. Immunofluorescence assay showed that all MAbs recognize NP protein, but did not react with M, SH, HN and P protein. Neutralization assays showed that all MAbs failed to neutralize CPIV virus. These newly established MAbs could be useful tools in diagnostic assays for CPIV.

Development of Immunochromatography Strips for Detection of Canine Adenovirus Type 1 and Type 2

Canine Adenovirus Type 1 (CAV-1) and type 2 (CAV-2) are prevalent in dogs. To develop Immunochromatographic (IC) test strips for onsite rapid detection of CAV-1 and CAV-2 simultaneously or separately, mice were injected with inactivated CAV-1 or CAV-2. The spleen cells of the immunized mice were fused with SP2/0 cells and the supernatant of hybridoma cells were screened by Hemagglutination Inhibition (HI) test. Si...

Epidemiological Review of Pandemic Influenza A (H1N1) Virus

Influenza virus has been known to be a major pathogen affecting the respiratory health of human beings worldwide. Since the emergence of pandemic (H1N1) 2009, several epidemics with mild or moderate severity have been reported. We studied the resurgence of this virus in Indian context and analysed the epidemic situation of 2018. The data obtained by government agencies from various parts of country revealed that t...

The Roles of Non-coding RNA in HSV Infection

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a spherical virus with a high infection rate, and its lifelong infection characteristics are related to its survival strategy. Non-coding RNA (ncRNA) is a type of RNA that is only transcribed and not translated into protein. In the process of HSV infection, ncRNAs, including miRNAs and lncRNAs, play an important role. HSV virus use these ncRNAs, derived from themselves or kidnaped fro...

World-Wide Prevalence and Genotype Distribution of Parechovirus A

Members of species Parechovirus A (PeV-A) are among the most prevalent human viruses worldwide. Studies on PeV-A prevalence and epidemiology have been conducted in separate countries, describing variations in PeV-A prevalence across continents. There is no overview on global PeV-A prevalence, hampering global insights in viral dynamics. We conducted a literature search on PeV-A prevalence and PeV-A genotype distri...

Ensuring Worker Safety during an Ebola Virus Disease Outbreak

The West Africa outbreak of Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) 2014-2016 was unprecedented in terms of its impact not only in Guinea, Sierra Leone and Liberia but also internationally. This had major implications for response and support to these three countries in dealing directly with the crisis, as well as emergency preparedness in other countries. Britain’s regulator for health and safety at work (Health and Safety Exe...

Development and Characterization of a Panel of Monoclonal Antibodies Against Pseudorabies Virus gE/gI Complex

gE/gI complex of pseudorabies virus was expressed in Baculovirus expression system. Female BALB/c mice were immunized with the purified gE/gI complex and 22 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were achieved by hybridoma technique. A panel of monoclonal antibody was used in indirect immune fluorescence assay(IFA), immunoperoxidase monolayer assay(IPMA) and enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA).Among these mAbs, 11H1...

Seroprevalence and Molecular Biodiversity of Hepatitis C Virus in the Department of Lekoumou, Republic of the Congo

Background: Viral hepatitis C is a major public health problem. The World Health Organization estimates that about 150-180 million people worldwide are chronic carriers of HCV. In Congo, its epidemiology is not well known. This study aimed to determine the seroprevalence and molecular biodiversity of HCV in the department of Lékoumou. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted from January to July...

Viral Load in Plasma and HIV-1 DNA in Lymphocytes of Patients Received HAART for 1 to 10 Years in Dehong Prefecture of Yunnan Province, China

Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) is the most effective treatment for HIV infection, but information on patients that underwent HAART for a long time is unavailable. So, a group of 300 HIV-1 infected adults from Dehong prefecture of Yunnan province who received HAART treatment for 1 to 10 years (30 cases per year) were enrolled. The plasma HIV-1 RNA VL was measured by the branch DNA approach and the in-...